What Is The Name Of Russian Money

Currency of Russian federation and other countries in Eastern Europe

This article is nearly the currency used in various countries. For other uses, see Ruble (disambiguation).

For the currency of Russia that is most normally referred to as ruble, see Russian ruble.

5000 Russian rubles of the 1997 series, the highest available nominal in circulation

500 Belorussian rubles of the 2009 series, the highest available nominal in apportionment

The ruble or rouble (; Russian: рубль , IPA: [rublʲ]) is the currency unit of Russia and some states in Eastern Europe closely associated with the economy of Russia. Equally of 2022^[update], the three variants of rubles in circulation are—the Russian ruble (RUB, ₽) in Russia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, the Belarusian ruble (BYN, Br) in Belarus and the unrecognised Transnistrian ruble in Transnistria.

Originally, the ruble was the currency unit of Imperial Russia and then the Soviet Wedlock, as the Soviet ruble. In the by, several other countries influenced by Russia and the Soviet Union had currency units that were also named rubles. Other formerly circulating or obsolete versions of the ruble include the Armenian ruble, Latvian rublis and Tajikistani ruble.

Historically until the 15th century, the grivna, ruble and denga were used in the Kievan Rus' and the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Since after 15th century until 1704, the Counting ruble (Счётный рубль) was used in the Tsardom of Russia. In the Russian Empire, between 1704—1897 the Silver ruble (Серебряный рубль) was used and betwixt 1897—1917 the Gilt ruble (Золотой рубль) was used. Between the years of 1917—1922, various ceremonious war banknotes were used including existing Gold rubles in circulation and paradigm Soviet ruble banknotes earlier its formal introduction in 1922.

The Soviet ruble replaced the Regal Russian ruble with its official introduction in 1922, and continued to be used in the Soviet Union. Later the breakdown of the Soviet Matrimony, the Soviet ruble continued to be used until 1993, when Soviet rubles were formally replaced with the Russian ruble in the Russian federation, and by 14 other currencies in other post Soviet states. The Russian rubles and Belarussian rubles are subdivided into i hundred kopeks. No kopek is currently formally subdivided, although denga ( i⁄2 kopek) and polushka ( 1⁄2 denga, thus i⁄4 kopek) accept previously been minted.

Etymology [edit]

Origins [edit]

Co-ordinate to i version, the give-and-take "ruble" is derived from the Russian verb рубить (rubit), "to cut, to chop, to hack", equally a ruble was considered a cutout slice of a silver grivna.

Rubles were parts of the grivna or pieces of silver with notches indicating their weight. Each grivna was divided into four parts; the name "ruble" came from the discussion "cutting" considering the silverish rod weighing ane grivna was split up into iv parts, which were called rubles.^[1]

Others say the ruble was never role of a grivna only a synonym for it. This is attested in a 13th-century Novgorod birch bawl manuscript, where both ruble and grivna referred to 204 grams (half dozen.6 troy ounces) of silver.^[2] The casting of these pieces included some sort of cutting (the exact technology is unknown), hence the proper noun from рубить (rubit).^{[3] [4]}

Another version of the discussion's origin is that it comes from the Russian noun рубец (rubets), the seam that is left effectually a silver bullions after casting: silvery was added to the bandage in 2 steps. Therefore, the word ruble means "a bandage with a seam".^[5] A popular theory deriving the discussion ruble from rupee is probably not correct.^[six]

The ruble was the Russian equivalent of the mark, a measurement of weight for silver and gilt used in medieval Western Europe. The weight of one ruble was equal to the weight of one grivna.

In Russian, a folk name for ruble, tselkovyj (целко́вый, IPA: [tsɨlˈkovɨj], wholesome), is known, which is a shortening of the целковый рубль ("tselkovyj ruble"), i.east., a wholesome, uncut ruble.^{[ citation needed ]} This proper noun persists in the Mordvin give-and-take for ruble, целковой.

Since the monetary reform of 1534, one Russian accounting ruble became equivalent to 100 silverish Novgorod denga coins or smaller 200 Muscovite denga coins or even smaller 400 polushka coins. Exactly the former coin with a passenger on information technology soon became colloquially known equally kopek and was the higher coin until the beginning of the 18th century. Ruble coins as such did not exist till Peter the Bang-up, when in 1704 he reformed the old budgetary system and ordered mintage of a 28-gramme silver ruble money equivalent to 100 new copper kopek coins. Apart from i ruble and i kopek coins other smaller and greater coins existed too.

English spelling [edit]

Russian rubles – banknotes of 1000 and 5000 rubles.

Both the spellings ruble and rouble are used in English language. The form rouble is preferred by the Oxford English Lexicon, but the earliest use recorded in English is the now completely obsolete robble. The form rouble probably derives from the transliteration into French used among the Tsarist aristocracy. There are two main usage tendencies: one is for Northward American authors to use ruble and other English speakers to use rouble, while the other is for older sources to use rouble and more recent ones to use ruble. Neither tendency is admittedly consistent, and at that place is too the obvious danger of defoliation with rubble.

The Russian plurals that may be seen on the bodily currency are modified according to Russian grammer. Numbers ending in 1 (except for eleven) are followed by nominative singular рубль rubl', копе́йка kopéyka. Numbers catastrophe in 2, 3 or iv (except for 12–14) are followed past genitive singular рубля́ rublyá, копе́йки kopéyki. Numbers ending in v–ix, 0, or 11–fourteen are followed by genitive plural рубле́й rubléy, копе́ек kopéyek.

Other languages [edit]

In several languages spoken in Russia and the onetime Soviet Union, the currency name has no etymological relation with ruble. Especially in Turkic languages or languages influenced by them, the ruble is often known (also officially) as som or sum (pregnant pure), or manat (from Russian moneta, meaning money). Soviet banknotes had their value printed in the languages of all 15 republics of the Soviet Union.

History [edit]

Imperial ruble [edit]

1898 Russian Empire one ruble bill, obverse, stating its golden equivalence 17.424 dolya or 0.77424 gram.

From the 14th to the 17th centuries the ruble was neither a coin nor a currency but rather a unit of weight. The nigh used currency was a pocket-sized silver coin called denga (pl. dengi). There were 2 variants of the denga minted in Novgorod and Moscow. The weight of a denga silvery coin was unstable and inflating, but by 1535 one Novgorod denga weighted 0.68 grams (0.022 troy ounces), the Moscow denga being a half of the Novgorod denga. Thus one account ruble consisted of 100 Novgorod or 200 Moscow dengi (68 m (two.two ozt) of silver). As the Novgorod denga diameter the paradigm of a rider with a spear (Russian: копьё, kop'yo), information technology subsequently has become known as kopek. In the 17th century the weight of a kopek coin lowered to 0.48 grand (0.015 ozt), thus ane ruble was equal to 48 g (ane.v ozt) of silverish.^{[ii] [iii]}

In 1654–1655 tsar Alexis I tried to carry out a monetary reform and ordered to mint silvery i ruble coins from imported joachimsthalers and new kopek coins from copper (erstwhile silver kopeks was left in circulation). Although around 1 million of such rubles was made, its lower weight (28–32 grams) against the nominal ruble (48 g) led to counterfeiting, speculation and inflation, and after the Copper Anarchism of 1662 the new monetary system was abased in favour of the old ane.^{[2] [3]}

Russian Empire [edit]

In 1704 Peter the Great finally reformed the old Russian monetary system, minting a argent ruble coin of weight 28.i grams and 72% fineness; hence twenty.22 thousand fine silver.^[7] The decision to subdivide it primarily into 100 copper kopeks, rather than 200 Muscovite denga, made the Russian ruble the world's first decimal currency.^[ii]

The amount of silver in a ruble varied in the 18th century. Additionally, coins worth over a ruble were minted in gilded and platinum. Past the end of the 18th century, the ruble was ready to iv zolotnik 21 dolya (or 4 21⁄96 zolotnik, almost exactly equal to 18 grams) of pure silverish or 27 dolya (almost exactly equal to 1.two grams) of pure gold, with a ratio of xv:1 for the values of the two metals. In 1828, platinum coins were introduced with i ruble equal to 77 2⁄3 dolya (3.451 grams).

On 17 December 1885, a new standard was adopted which did not modify the silver ruble but reduced the gilt content to 1.161 grams, pegging the gold ruble to the French franc at a rate of 1 ruble = iv francs. This rate was revised in 1897 to i ruble = ii 2⁄3 francs (17.424 dolya or 0.77424 g fine gold). This ruble was worth about Us$0.5145 in 1914.^{[eight] [9] [ten]}

With the outbreak of World State of war I, the gold standard peg was dropped and the ruble fell in value, suffering from hyperinflation in the early on 1920s. With the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, the Russian ruble was replaced by the Soviet ruble. The pre-revolutionary Chervonetz was temporarily brought back into circulation from 1922 to 1925.^[11]

Russia's coins [edit]

Catherine 2 Sestroretsk ruble (1771) is made of solid copper with a diameter of

77 millimetres (3+ iii⁄100  in) and a thickness of

26 millimetres (1+ 1⁄50  in) with a weight of i.022 kg (two.25 lb). It is the largest copper money always issued (except for the Swedish plate coin).^[12] It is 1mm larger and thicker than a standard hockey puck.

By the beginning of the 19th century, copper coins were issued for 1⁄4 , i⁄ii , one, 2 and v kopeks, with silver five, 10, 25 and fifty kopeks and ane ruble and gold v although production of the 10 ruble coin ceased in 1806. Silver 20 kopeks were introduced in 1820, followed by copper 10 kopeks minted between 1830 and 1839, and copper 3 kopeks introduced in 1840. Between 1828 and 1845, platinum 3, 6 and 12 rubles were issued. In 1860, silverish 15 kopeks were introduced, due to the use of this denomination (equal to 1 złoty) in Poland, whilst, in 1869, gold 3 rubles were introduced.^[xiii] In 1886, a new gold coinage was introduced consisting of 5 and x ruble coins. This was followed by another in 1897. In addition to smaller five and 10 ruble coins, vii+ one⁄2 and 15 ruble coins were issued for a single yr, as these were equal in size to the previous 5 and x ruble coins. The gold coinage was suspended in 1911, with the other denominations produced until the First World War.

Constantine ruble [edit]

The Constantine ruble (Russian: константиновский рубль , konstantinovsky rubl' ) is a rare silver coin of the Russian Empire begetting the profile of Constantine, the brother of emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I. Its industry was being prepared at the Saint Petersburg Mint during the brief Interregnum of 1825, but it was never minted in numbers, and never circulated in public. Its existence became known in 1857 in foreign publications.^[14]

Banknotes [edit]

Imperial issues [edit]

25 Assignation rubles of 1769

In 1768, during the reign of Catherine the Great, the Assignation Banking concern was instituted to issue the government newspaper money. It opened in St. petersburg and in Moscow in 1769.

In 1769, Assignation rubles were introduced for 25, 50, 75 and 100 rubles, with v and 10 rubles added in 1787 and 200 ruble in 1819. The value of the Assignation rubles brutal relative to the coins until, in 1839, the relationship was fixed at i coin ruble = 3+ 1⁄2 assignat rubles. In 1840, the Land Commercial Bank issued iii, 5, ten, 25, fifty and 100 rubles notes, followed by 50 ruble credit notes of the Custody Treasury and Country Loan Depository financial institution.

In 1843, the Assignation Bank ceased operations, and state credit notes (Russian: государственные кредитные билеты , gosudarstvenniye kreditniye bilety ) were introduced in denominations of 1, 3, five, 10, 25, 50 and 100 rubles. In 1859 a newspaper credit ruble was worth about nine-tenths of a silver ruble^[15] These circulated, in various types, until the revolution, with 500 rubles notes added in 1898 and 250 and 1000 rubles notes added in 1917. In 1915, two kinds of small change notes were issued. One, issued by the Treasury, consisted of regular fashion (if minor) notes for one, 2, three, 5 and 50 kopeks. The other consisted of the designs of stamps printed onto card with text and the royal eagle printed on the opposite. These were in denominations of 1, 2, 3, 10, 15 and 20 kopeks.

Conditional Government issues [edit]

In 1917, the Provisional Government issued treasury notes for 20 and xl rubles. These notes are known every bit "Kerenki" or "Kerensky rubles". The provisional authorities besides had 25 and 1,000 rubles state credit notes printed in the United States but near were non issued.

Soviet ruble [edit]

The Soviet ruble replaced the ruble of the Russian Empire. The Soviet ruble (lawmaking: SUR) was the currency of the Soviet Union betwixt 1917 and the breakup of the Soviet Spousal relationship in 1991. The Soviet ruble was issued by the Country Bank of the USSR. The Soviet ruble continued to be used in the 15 Post-Soviet states.

The Soviet ruble was used until 1992 in Russia (replaced by Russian ruble), Ukraine (replaced by Ukrainian karbovanets), Republic of estonia (replaced past Estonian kroon), Republic of latvia (replaced by Latvian rublis), Republic of lithuania (replaced by Lithuanian talonas), and until 1993 in Belarus (replaced past Belarusan ruble), Georgia (replaced by Georgian lari), Armenia (replaced by Armenian dram), Kazakhstan (replaced by Kazakhstani tenge), Kyrgyzstan (replaced past Kyrgyzstani som), Moldova (replaced by Moldovan cupon), Turkmenistan (replaced past Turkmenistan manat), Uzbekistan (replaced past Uzbekistani then'1000), and until 1994 in Azerbaijan (replaced by Azerbaijani manat) and until 1995 in Tajikistan (replaced past Tajikistani ruble).

Symbol [edit]

The Ruble sign "₽" is a currency sign used to represent the monetary unit of business relationship in Russia. It features a Cyrillic letter Р (R in the English alphabet) with an additional horizontal stroke.

References [edit]

1. ^ Кондратьев И. К. Седая старина Москвы. М., 1893. In Russian: Рубли были частями гривны или кусками серебра с зарубками, означавшими их вес. Каждая гривна разделялась на четыре части; название же рубль произошло от слова «рубить», потому что прут серебра в гривну весом разрубался на четыре части, которые и назывались рублями.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Kamentseva, E.; Ustyugov, North. (1975). Russkaya metrologiya Русская метрология (in Russian).
3. ^ ^{a b c} Spassky, I. Chiliad. (1970). Russkaya monetnaya sistema Русская монетная система (in Russian). Leningrad.
4. ^ Vasmer, Max (1986–1987) [1950–1958]. "Рубль". In Trubachyov, O. Due north.; Larin, B. O. (eds.). Этимологический словарь русского языка [Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch] (in Russian) (2d ed.). Moscow: Progress.
5. ^ Sergey Khalatov. History of Ruble and Kopek on "Collectors' Portal UUU.RU" (in Russian)
6. ^ Vasmer, Max. "Рубль". Vasmer Etymological dictionary.
7. ^ Gross weight 433 grains, net weight 312.ane grains, hence fineness 72%. https://books.google.com/books?id=-spPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT168&lpg=PT168#v=onepage&q&f=false
8. ^ based on ratio of golden content between ruble 0.77424 yard vs U.s. dollar 23.22 grains = i.50463 k
9. ^ "Gold and Argent Standards". Cyberussr.com. Retrieved 30 Baronial 2015.
10. ^ "Calculate the value of $100000 in 1914 – Inflation on 100000 dollars". DollarTimes.com. Retrieved 30 Baronial 2015.
11. ^ La Crise de la Monnaie Anglaise (1931), Catiforis Southward.J. Recueil Sirey, 1934, Paris
12. ^ Catherine II. Novodel Sestroretsk Rouble 1771, Heritage Auctions, retrieved one September 2015
13. ^ Peter Symes. "Currency of Three". Pjsymes.com.au. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
14. ^ By 1880 Russian numismatists were well aware of the existence of Constantine rubles, simply their get-go printed clarification was published only in 1886 – Kalinin, p.1.
15. ^ Jerome Blum, The Finish of the Quondam Order in Rural Europe, 1978, p169

External links [edit]

Expect up ruble  or rouble in Wiktionary, the gratuitous lexicon.

• Монеты России и СССР
• Historical Currency Converter Historical value of the ruble in other currencies

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruble

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